This section of the guide with provide a brief refresher on the typical differences between popular and scholarly articles, as well as provide a number of paired examples of popular and scholarly articles, where each pair discusses the exact same research study, but in very different ways.
| Popular Articles (Magazines/Newspapers) | Scholarly Articles (Journals) |
| Written by journalists, columnists, reporters, bloggers, etc. | Written by scholars, academics, and researchers. |
| Written for non-experts and the casually interested. | Written for (and by) those with expertise in the field. |
| Sometimes referenced, but rarely with academic/scholarly sources. | Thoroughly referenced, with credible and reputable sources. |
| Written to entertain, inform, provoke, and make money. | Written to advance scholarship and academic knowledge. |
| Usually reviewed by an editor, though freelance work may be un-reviewed. | Usually reviewed by academics and scholars (hence “peer-review”). |
| Examples: Time, Newsweek Global, National Geographic, The New Yorker | Examples: Annual Review of Critical Psychology, Cinema Journal, American Journal of Education, Nature |
Primary Sources:
Primary sources are original documents, such as interviews, letters, original research findings, works of art, legal documents, and more. They are first hand accounts of an event that has happened, and involves someone who has a direct connection with the event or work.
Examples:
Secondary Sources:
Secondary sources are a report or analysis of something that has already happened. They are an interpretation of a primary source.
Examples:
Newspaper Articles:
Although newspaper articles are typically secondary sources, some are primary; it can be confusing. If the newspaper article is reporting on a recent event, then it would be considered primary. If it's reporting on either something that has happened in the past, or drawing in information from other sources, it would be secondary.
Example:
A newspaper article from 1912 that reports on the sinking of the Titanic would be a primary source since it's an article from the time the event happened.
A newspaper article from 2019 reporting on the results of the presidential election of 2016 would be a secondary event since it's reporting on something that has already happened.